中国电化教育

在全球的K-12在线教育发展中,美国一直处于领先地位和增长、上升的态势。论文主要采用了文献研究的方法,从缘起和发展动因、系统结构和政策解读三个维度,对近20年来美国K-12在线教育的发展状况进行系统分析和总结。研究发现:1.在线教育在美国K-12教育系统中的应用和发展,一直是紧紧围绕下述三个目标来进行的,一是为了满足学生的个性化、多元化发展需求,二是为了促进教育资源共享、缩小"数字鸿沟"和促进教育公平,三是为了提高传统学校的校内教学质量;2.经过长期的发展和不断完善,已初步形成了覆盖整个K-12教育体系的多样化的在线教育项目形态、探索了较为成熟的以学生为中心的虚拟学习系统和构建了以州立虚拟学校为核心的K-12在线教育系统结构,在这个系统结构中,州政府、州立虚拟学校、在线教育供应商和中小学分别承担着各自的角色和职责;3.在K-12在线教育发展的早期,联邦政府和各州政府的直接推动发挥了极其重要的作用,也是近20年K-12在线教育稳定、持续发展的根本保障。这些政策在一定程度上确保了在线教育为支持和解决美国K-12教育改革和发展的重大问题和重要议题服务,包括了问责、公平与可获得性、K-12教育系统的质量和效率、教师专业发展及近年来越来越重要的数据隐私和安全问题。

In the development of global K-12 online education, the United States has been in the leading position and has developed rapidly. Document research is the main method. This paper analyzes and summarizes the experience and development of K-12 online education in America in the past 20 years from three dimensions: the origins and motivations, system structure and policy issues. The results show that: 1.The application and development of online education in K-12 education system in the United States has been closely focused on the following three goals. The first is to meet the needs of students' personalized and diversified development, the second is to enhance the sharing of educational resources, to narrow the "digital divide" and promote equity in K-12 education system, the third one is to improve the quality of schools. 2.After a long period of development and continuous improvement, online education has covered and integrated the entire K-12 education system. A mature student-centered virtual learning system and a systematic structure of K-12 online education have formed based on the State Virtual School. In this online education structure, state governments, state virtual schools, online education providers and schools undertake their own roles and responsibilities respectively. 3.In the early stage of K-12 online education development, the direct guide and promotion of the federal government and the state government policy has played an extremely important role, which is the fundamental guarantee for the stable and sustainable development of K-12 online education in the past 20 years. These online education policies directed and promoted to solve the major problems during the reform and development of American K-12 educationsystem, including accountability, equity issues and availability, quality and efficiency of K-12 education system, teachers professional development, also data privacy and security issues which are more and more serious in recent years.